On 1 January 2024, foreign citizens and stateless people made up 1.2%^* of the people living in Poland, against 9.6%^* across the EU — the 26th highest share of the 27 EU states that publish it.

In 2024, 300,496 people moved to Poland and 205,869 left: a difference of 94,627^*, more arrivals than departures.

Citizens and foreigners

Residents of Poland on 1 January 2024, by the citizenship they hold. Every line is a separate figure Eurostat publishes; the site adds none of them together.

Residents of Poland by citizenship, 1 January 2024
Citizenship	People	Share of residents
All residents	36,620,970	—
Foreign citizens and stateless peopleOne group Eurostat publishes, shown beside the lines below	430,246	1.2%^*
Citizens of Poland	36,187,908	98.8%^*
Citizens of other EU countries	32,423	0.09%^*
Citizens of countries outside the EU	397,205	1.1%^*
Stateless people	618	<0.01%^*
Citizenship not stated	2,816	0.01%^*

Against the other EU states

Foreign citizens and stateless people as a share of residents on 1 January 2024, for the states ranked next to Poland. Only states that publish both figures that year are ranked.

Foreign-citizen share, Poland and the states ranked next to it, 1 January 2024
Rank	Country	Foreign citizens and stateless people, share of residents
24	Bulgaria	1.8%^*
25	Romania	1.5%^*
26	Poland	1.2%^*
27	Slovakia	1.2%^*
—	European Union (27, from 2020) (reference, not ranked)	9.6%^*

Largest foreign citizenships

Eurostat's most recent tables hold no breakdown of Poland's residents by individual citizenship, so no list of the largest groups is shown. The gap is left as a gap: nothing is estimated, and nothing is borrowed from another country or another year.

Country of birth

Residents of Poland by where they were born, on 1 January 2025. This is a different question from citizenship: someone born abroad may hold Poland's citizenship, and someone born in Poland may not.

Residents of Poland by country of birth, 1 January 2025
Country of birth	People	Share of residents
All residents	36,497,495	—
Born in Poland	35,536,952	97.4%^*
Born in another country	940,259	2.6%^*
Born in another EU country	239,532	0.7%^*
Born outside the EU	700,727	1.9%^*
Country of birth not stated	20,284	0.06%^*

Arrivals and departures

People who moved to or left Poland during each calendar year, as reported to Eurostat. Arrivals and departures are separate published figures; the difference is the site's subtraction of the two for the same year.

Arrivals, departures and their difference, Poland, 2024 and earlier years
Year	Arrived	Left	Arrived minus left
2024	300,496	205,869	94,627^*
2023	303,275	194,063	109,212^*
2022	275,515	228,006	47,509^*
2021	241,116	201,595	39,521^*
2020	210,615	161,666	48,949^*
2019	226,649	180,594	46,055^*

By citizenship, 2024

Arrivals and departures by the citizenship of the person moving. Each line is a separate published figure; none is added to another.

Arrivals and departures by citizenship, Poland, 2024
Citizenship	Arrived	Left
Citizens of Poland	88,687	125,667
Citizens of other EU countries	32,016	16,363
Citizens of countries outside the EU	179,724	63,784
Stateless people	28	14
Citizenship not stated	41	41

How to read these figures

Citizenship is the legal bond between a person and a state. Country of birth is where a person was born. They are different facts and different tables, and neither records ethnicity, origin or descent.
Residents counted at 1 January are a stock; arrivals and departures are events during a calendar year. A flow is never a change in a stock, and the two are not divided by each other here.
Eurostat takes each country’s own statistics. Countries differ in who counts as an arrival or a resident, so comparisons between countries are approximate.

Cyprus, covered in full

Cyprus is the one country this site covers in full, down to its districts. Its immigration page is the deepest example of what a country page can hold.

Keep reading

Modification notice and disclaimer

The counts on this page are published by Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and are reproduced unchanged. Humanity Observatory has additionally derived the following from them:

A share of residents, computed by dividing one published count by another from the same table, country and date (for example foreign citizens by all residents).
A country's rank among the EU states for its foreign-citizen share, computed by sorting the published figures of the states that publish both counts for the year.
The difference between published immigration and published emigration for the same country and year (arrivals minus departures). It is a subtraction of two published figures, not a net-migration figure published by Eurostat.
The ten largest individual citizenships, selected by sorting the published figures for the latest year in which most countries are published.

Source: Eurostat. Reuse terms.

^* Calculated by Humanity Observatory from published figures.

Where these numbers come from → Compare the foreign-citizen share across countries →